265. Monckton, E. H. C. Jan. 21. Drawings to Specification.

Forming articles in layers of different expansibility. — To prevent electric-light globes from cracking, they are constructed with centres of clear glass and ends of glass to which metallic oxide has been added. The oxide renders the glass opaque and reduces its co-efficient of expansion. Several pieces of glass may be united together, the opacity increasing and the expansibility decreasing towards the ends.

268. Greener, H. Jan. 22.

Moulding. — Glass letters and figures for ornamenting shop windows &c., are cast in a mould consisting of two parts a, b, Fig. 1. The lower part a fits over a projection on the bed e and the letters &c. are moulded between the parts a, b and around the central space with which the mould for each letter &c. communicates by radial channels. A cover f is hinged to the bed e, and is secured by a bolt, over the upper part b. The melted glass is run into the central space from which it is forced into each letter mould by a plunger d of a fly or other press. The moulded glass is heated in a furnace to give it a fine skin or gloss, and afterwards annealed. The separate letters are then broken away from the central piece and finished by grinding, the central piece being re-melted.

700. Hunt, E., [Gledhill, G.]. Feb. 24.

Bottle necks, making. — Relates to the method of making the nozzle of an aerated water bottle which is fitted with an india-rubber ball stopper as shown in Fig. 1. Fig. 2 shows the nozzle of the bottle as first formed in the mould. To finish the bottle, it is held in a cup-shaped “pontee,” and brought to the shape shown in Fig. 1 by a hand tool, a ring of metal being added if necessary.

783. Hyatt, T. March 4.

Rolling; moulding; annealing. — In order to form glazing-glass with diagonal ribs, the ordinary casting-table is formed with diagonal flutings, or the latter are formed upon the pressing roll. Fig. 13 shows a recessed roll and recessed casting-table for forming recessed glass plates or sheets.

The recesses may be formed entirely in the roll or casting-table to form glass sheets with recesses in one face only. A removable casting-plate is laid upon the casting-table, described in Specification No. 3549, A. D. 1869, so that the cast glass sheet, wholly or partially cut through to form small glasses, can be removed undisturbed to the annealing-oven.

1075. Chedgey, J. March 27.

Moulding; annealing. — Relates to the moulding and annealing of cylindrical &c. glass tubes to be used for the transmission of corrosive mineral and other acids, or for pump barrels. The mould A, Fig. 1, is made in two halves which may be turned back to the position shown dotted to rest upon the supports a; the guide-box B in the frame C supports the mould and also a central hollow core D which is moved upwards or downwards by means of the levers D¹ and is swivelled to the spindle D² to allow of the core being rotated by means of a spanner placed on the square part d. The top of the core is conical to guide the molten metal to the loose ring F on the annular piston E which is operated by means of the levers E3 pivoted on pins E⁴ in the hangers D³ and attached by the cross-bar E⁸ to two rods E¹ supporting the piston. In carrying out the moulding operation, the core D is held in position by the screws b, the two halves of the mould are clamped together, and the piston E is lowered as the molten glass is poured in. To cast pipes with a socket, the sinking piston E is dispensed with and the ring F is placed on the guide-box B; to cast elbow pipes or T-pipes, a divided core is used, the parts being withdrawn from the mould at right-angles to each other, and being mounted so as to admit of an axial motion. To carry the article from the mould to the annealing-oven, a carrier is used consisting of two bars H, Fig. 4, provided with wooden blocks I to fit the cylinder and with hooks K to pass under the flange of the ring F. In the annealing-oven, the articles are placed on an iron tray M, Fig. 10, containing sand and covered by an earthenware cover N to protect them from air draughts.

1253. Rose, L., and Brown, J. April 11.

Bottle necks, making. — A screw is produced externally on the neck of a bottle by the tool shown in Fig. 1. A cup or mould A having an internal screw is fixed to a tube B in which works a plunger C tapered at the bottom and actuated by a link D connected to a collapsable spring E. The hot material on the neck of a bottle is pressed into the cup A and forced outwards into the screw by the descent of the plunger C. In the modification shown in Fig. 2, two bent arms I pivoted by a pin H are formed into a plunger I¹ and forced outwards by a spring K. The spring being compressed, the glass neck is pushed in the cup and the arms I released, the spring forcing the points outwards.

1715. Hyatt, T. May 14. Drawings to Specification.

Forming articles with wire skeletons. — In order to render fireproof the light-transmitting parts of buildings, the sheet or plate glass used has wire netting cast therein, by placing the netting with supporting rods upon the casting-table when the “metal” is poured. The Provisional Specification states also that wire netting is drawn from a drum or roller on to the “metal” in a mould and then overlaid with another layer of “metal” over which a roller is moved.

1768. Hartley, J. May 19.

Attaching glass to metal. — The iron vats for fermenting, settling, and storing liquors, and “attemperators” used by brewers, rectifiers, winemakers, &c, are lined with glass sheets, which are cemented to the interiors of the vats by a tar or glycerine cement. A sheet of glass is fixed by a thin layer of cement to the bottom, and the sides are set up, the joints being made with tar or glycerine cement or both, and the space between the glass and the casing is filled up with plaster of Paris or other cement. The casing may be made in sections corresponding in size to the glass plates. The sections are thickly coated with stiff tar liquefied by heat, to which may be added fine sand or other finely-powdered gritty material, and the hot plates of glass may be laid on the various sections. The prepared sections are then bolted together. The tar cement is prepared by heating concentrated tar to the consistency of milk and adding, during agitation, finely-powdered litharge, the mixture being poured out and made into sticks. The substance is liquefied by heat and poured into the joints, or is run in with a jet of flame, or a heated soldering-instrument. A glycerine cement, made by mixing finely-powdered litharge and glycerine, is used like putty in putting the plates of glass together. The cements must be used as soon as mixed. The tar cement may be used for facing up the glycerine cement.

1807. Placet, P. E. May 21.

Ornamenting; moulding; pressing. — Grained designs obtained by photo-mechanical, etching, or other processes are reproduced in resisting metals for use in figuring, embossing, or moulding glass, &c. The grained designs are produced by exposing sensitized gelatine or other suitable animal or vegetable substance to light under a photographic positive or negative, or by printing or tracing a design in varnish or fatty matter on the gelatine, and then immersing the exposed or printed &c. plate in a solvent and a tanning-solution successively.

1923. Lamont, J. June 2.

Bottle necks, making. — Relates to the construction of the necks of bottles to contain aerated liquids. The bottle is made with a flange or rim inside the mouth by means of an expanding mandrel shown in Fig. 3 consisting of two shaped pieces a formed on the end of two springs a¹, attached at a¹¹ to the central spindle b of the hand tool, to which is also attached an end disc b¹ to form the end of the bottle neck. The two blocks c¹ for shaping the outside of the neck are fixed on a double spring c, c^x which is attached to the spindle b by screw nuts. When the spring sides c^x are pressed inwards, the parts a of the mandrel are forced out by the pins a¹¹¹.

1927. Haley, J. June 3.

Pressing; moulding. — In a steam or other press for pressing glass into moulds to form basins, tumblers, and other articles, a yoke g, Fig. 3, connected by rods h and cranks f with a shaft d driven through spur gearing by a steam engine c, slides vertically between pillars a and carries a hollow screwed plunger spindle i passing through the screwed bosses of hand-wheels l by means of which the stroke of the plunger can be regulated. Through the spindle passes a rod m carrying the stamp or plunger n beneath which is placed a mould on a bed-plate b. The plunger passes through a ring p which overlaps the edges of the mould according to the thickness of glass required and is forced downwards by adjustable springs s fitted between a plate q¹ connected to a nut r on the spindle i and a plate q fitting loosely upon the plunger. To give elasticity to the rod m and allow the plunger to remain long enough in the mould for the glass to set, a spring k, the pressure of which is regulated by a screw k^l, is carried by the spindle i. The bed-plate b may be made elastic instead of the plunger. To render the action continuous, four moulds o¹ are placed on a plate t, which is rotated a quarter of a revolution, at each stroke of the crank, by means of a lever w connected by a slide v and lever u to one of the cranks f and carrying a spring pawl engaging with a ratchet-wheel connected by spur-wheels with the plate t. The articles are removed from the moulds by a spindle 4 which, passing through a hole in the plate t, lifts a loose valve or plug in the bottom of the mould and raises the article on to a carrier fork 9 attached to an arm 10. The spindle 4 is actuated by a cam 8 on the shaft d engaging with a lever connected, by a link 6 and toothed segment 5, with a rack on the spindle 4. The arm 10 is attached to a rod 11 which is raised and lowered by a lever 12 actuated by a pin on one of the rods h and slides through a tube 14 having a spiral slot in which a pin in the rod works, so that the fork 9, as it moves up and down, is also turned through an arc so as to receive the article and deposit it upon a table. The arm 10 can turn on its own axis and has a finger 17 which, as the rod descends, comes against a finger 18 and tilts the fork over so as to facilitate the discharge of the article. The plate t is held in position, during each pressing operation, by a spring bolt 21, which is projected into and withdrawn from a hole in the plate by a wedge on a lever 22 actuated by a pin on one of the rods h, the wedge being withdrawn by a spring. The shaft d may be thrown out of gear with the engine by means of a treadle, and loose slips or slides are provided which may be set forwards from time to time by set-screws. The moulds and glass are cooled between each operation by a fan or fans contained in a box 19 and driven by friction - wheels from the main shaft. The box is provided with pipes 20, one conveying cold air to the pressed glass in the mould o¹ and the other blowing cold air on to the plunger. An air pump operated by the press may be used instead of the fan or fans. The lower portion of the plunger is cooled by water admitted through pipes, and the valve of each mould is cooled by a jet of water admitted from below through a pipe and escaping by a pipe surrounding the inlet pipe. To increase the pressure of steam admitted to the cylinder when the glass is pressed by the plunger, a bracket 29¹, Fig. 8, through which passes a screwed rod 30¹ attached to the steam-valve lever 32 and carrying an adjustable nut 31 is fixed to the yoke g. To admit steam to work the press, the lever 32 rests on a stop 34 attached to a screwed rod 35 provided with a hand-wheel 36. When the bracket 29¹ descends, it comes in contact with the nut 31, thereby pulling down the rod 30¹ and admitting more steam to the cylinder. As the yoke ascends the valve is closed to its original position by a spring 33. The amount of extra steam admitted is regulated by a stop 34. The invention is partially applicable to hand presses for pressing glass.

2752. Hyatt, T. Aug. 8.

Moulding; rolling; ornamenting; annealing; forming ribbed plates or sheets; cutting glass; stained glass. — Sheet glass is made with crimps or angular corrugations as shown in Fig. 2. These corrugations are small in the case of ornamental obscured glass, and large in the case of roofing-glass or daylight-reflector glass. The crimps may be obscured with flutes z. The crimped face of the underside is formed by a suitably-formed casting-table, and that on the upper side by a corresponding roller. Sheet glass is also made with bas-relief ornament on one or both sides in imitation of leaded glass by means of a casting-table and roller, with removable embossing-surfaces consisting, as shown in Fig. 4, of a number of separate blocks c, c, bound together in a frame B by rules b lying in grooves in the blocks. To protect the glass from too rapid cooling the blocks are made of plaster of Paris, a travelling box or shield of asbestos or other non-conductor of heat is used in front of the roller to shut off the air, and an asbestos blanket is arranged behind to overlay the glass plate as it is made. The plate is then removed with its coverings and placed in the annealing-oven, or in a bath of molten lead or other suitable substance in the oven. When both faces of the glass are imprinted, the roller and table are interlocked to keep the patterns on the two sides in register. The raised parts on the surface of the glass may be made continuous so as to render the glass self-supporting. In the Provisional Specification, it is stated that the glass sheets may be made with an embossed surface on one side and diagonal lines or channels on the other side to carry off condensed moisture as described in Specification No. 783, A.D. 1874. Glass squares or quarries may be made by the same process, several being made together in a sheet as shown in Fig. 1, with channels b between them to facilitate subsequent division by a diamond. The glass is left thick enough at the bottom of the channels b to afford strength for handling. “Cluster lens lights” for illuminating-gratings or small “bull's eyes” may be made in this way. Glass sheets which, owing to an irregular surface, cannot be cut with a diamond are cut or divided by means of a sand blast. The glass F, Fig. 3, is protected by a shield C having a slit e through which the sand blast is directed by screens D. The back of the shield is made to conform to the surface of the glass by a yielding cushion of soft material or by an impression of the glass face taken in plaster of Paris or other suitable substance. Mosaic glass plates or sheets are made by grouping together small pencils of coloured glass as shown in Fig. 5, and consolidating them by heat or by a backing of clear molten glass so as to form tesserae as shown in Fig. 6, then combining the tesserae into blocks, and the blocks into sheets. The tesserae and blocks are formed with studs g to afford a hold for the backing. The glass is annealed at each stage and is finally ground and polished like plate glass. Pictures may be re­produced in this way. In the Provisional Speci­fication it is also stated that sheet or plate glass is made with a netting of wire cloth, perforated metal, asbestos lace, or other strengthening or binding material, which is introduced into and incorporated with the metal during its conversion into glass, and that glasses for illuminating-gratings and the like are made by blowing the metal into the mould instead of forming it in a press, or by reheating sheets or parts of sheets and then pressing the glass in suitable dies or moulds, and Specifications No. 3549, A.D. 1869, No. 2755, A.D. 1870 [Abridgment Class Moulding &c], and No. 25, A.D. 1872, are referred to.

2783. La Bastie, F. B. A. R. de. Aug. 12.

Annealing. — Glass articles or sheets of glass are tempered by heating them in an oven until they begin to soften, and then immersing them in a bath of oil, grease, wax, resin, tar, or pitch heated to a suitable temperature. The bath is placed close to the heating-oven so that the glass can be easily pushed or tilted over into the bath. The liquid is protected from contact with the air to prevent it from burning. The glass may be protected by a muffle. In an arrangement shown in Fig. B², for tempering glass sheets, a sheet is first warmed up in a side oven in communication with a heating-oven a by an opening 2 through which the glass is pushed on to a tilting table 22 when sufficiently warmed. The oven a is heated by a furnace 1. When the oven a is sufficiently heated the furnace and ashpit doors are closed and the fire maintained by introducing small pieces of fuel through a hole in the fire door. The glass having been properly heated, and the chimney damper closed, the table 22 is tilted and the glass is slid off on to a table e on a tilting frame 25 in the tempering-bath b. The bath is heated by a side furnace with flues passing under and round the bath. The glass is checked as it slides down the table e by a buffer 16 of wire gauze or other yielding material. A pocket 12 receives broken glass. The temperature of the bath is indicated by a thermometer 10 in a tube 9 which also serves as an overflow. The bath is covered in by a lid 7. To remove the glass, the frame 25 is raised till the table e is caught by a catch 26 and is lowered again till the buffer 16 is below the table. The attendant then rakes the glass into a compartment g. The catch 26 is then released and the table e replaced in position for receiving another sheet. The frame 25 is set in its various positions by means of a lever and catch outside the bath. In a modified form of this furnace suitable for small glass articles, the articles are heated on a smooth hearth with a smooth slope down which they are pushed into a wire basket immersed in the bath. The slope is heated by changing the direction of the furnace gases by suitable dampers. The bath is heated by a fire-truck placed below it. In another arrangement shown in Fig. C², the articles are heated in a closed muffle a, and are transferred to the bath b by tumbling them down a hole 2. The fall is broken by a metal cone 19, and the articles are received on stages 9 on an endless chain by which they can be brought up to the top of the bath ready for removal through a door 10. In another arrangement for tempering sheet glass, the furnace gases after passing through the heating-oven are passed through the preparatory oven, and the glass sheets are tilted into a bath made with sloping compartments and mounted on a truck.

2945. Macintosh, J. Aug. 28.

Toughening. — Consists in the application of the method of hardening iron, steel, or alloys, described in Specification No. 1714, A.D. 1874, {Abridgment Class Hand tools &c], to harden glass. The fused or nearly fused clear or coloured glass &c. is shaped in iron moulds, it is then fused in platinum moulds and suddenly cooled by means of a mixture of iced water and salt, or by any other cooling mixture. Artificial gems are produced by the same process.

3007. Deane, T. Sept. 2. [Provisional protection only.]

Materials. — To manufacture artificial marble, lead oxide, sand, pearl ash, nitre, borax, white arsenic, and cryolite are mixed together and fused in a pot. The molten mass is then rolled upon an iron table and the slab produced is annealed in a furnace and may be afterwards ground and polished. The fused composition may be moulded in iron moulds.

3084. Hartley, J. Sept. 8.

Attaching glass to metal. — Cements for the purpose consist of  “a preparation of tar evaporated by heat,” to which may be added litharge, fine sand or any fine gritty material. “Asphalte resolved by heat” may be used, or any analogous material. In the case of a large tank for liquor, the separate iron sections are cast with a slightly grooved or corrugated inner surface, and, after being heated, are coated with the cement. They are then laid on perforated iron tables, and run on trucks into an oven or heating-chamber. When ready, they are withdrawn, and laid in position upon their respective sheets of glass, which have been previously coated with a preparation of tar or asphalt in a hot liquid state. The under surface of the glass, is then cooled gradually by flushing it with liquors gradually reducing in temperature, or the truck may be passed either vertically through a bath hotter at the top than at the bottom, or run through a bath specially constructed. The various segments thus prepared are bolted together to form a glass-lined vessel, or they may be used for other purposes. In the case of small vessels, such as water-supply cisterns for domestic purposes, glass may be blown to the shape of the iron or other casing and bedded therein by the special cement.

3461. Stocker, A. S., and Edwards, G. Oct. 9. [Provisional protection not allowed.]

Shaping. — Glass stoppers and the unions and shields of feeding-bottles are made “by the aid of dies and pressure.” Some of them may be made by “melting the glass from a cold piece” by gas jets, to melt it to a plastic state, “when the articles to be moulded are run on to a revolving shaft to be shaped” as required.

3595. Breffit, E. Oct. 19. Drawings to Specification.

Bottle necks, making. — To provide a seat for an internal stopper within the neck of an ordinary bottle after the stopper is placed in the bottle, a glass ring is attached by the use of a vitrifiable glaze and by re-annealing the bottle.

4065. Sowerby, J. Nov. 27.

Moulding. — Relates to apparatus for detaching and delivering the moulded articles from presses, more particularly from “Perry’s improved press.” The substance is moulded in the uppermost of a series of moulds B¹, B¹¹, &c. by a plunger, and the drum A is rotated by a tooth d, Fig. 2, on the axle C, engaging with a six-toothed pinion e, the rotation being transmitted through cog-wheels g, a¹. When the mould containing the article is in the lowest position, the article is impelled out by a hammer l^x, and falls upon tables m^x, Fig. 1, pivoted on hinges p and fitted with counterbalances n. A hinged bar h^l, Fig. 2, falls into one of six recesses in the boss h, so as to keep the top and bottom moulds in the vertical centre line, and is removed by a tooth or “stub” on the axle C. The hammer l^x, which strikes the movable bottoms of the moulds B^l . . . B^VI is operated by a tappet k moved by a cam l. The flaps or tables m^x, Fig. 1, are brought beneath the moulds by an eccentric s and pawl r rotating the shaft n, and may be adjusted vertically by the nuts m^IV, m^v. If the flaps m^x must be maintained horizontally, they are mounted on a support m¹, Fig. 6, and levers o, o¹¹, pivoted to an arm m¹¹. The weight of the article depresses the tables, which are then carried round to the attendant. The moulds are fastened to the drum A, Fig. 2, by projections u¹, which enter the groove u¹¹ when the mould is given a quarter of a turn. The moulds may be formed in the rim.

4089. Rhind, F. Nov. 28. [Provisional protection only.]

Blowing; moulding. — An opening is formed through the reservoir of a lamp for the rod c of an extinguishing apparatus by placing a rod in the mould in which the glass is blown. The melted glass is inserted in the neck of the mould so as to rest on the top of the rod until it falls over on all sides to the bottom, after which the vessel is blown.

4372. Lake, W. R., [Pieper, C]. Dec. 18.

Toughening. — In order to increase their tenacity and hardness, manufactured glass articles are heated to a temperature near the melting-point and dipped into a “tempering-liquid,” heated to a lower temperature depending on the composition &c. of the glass. For cryolite, flint, &c. glass having the lowest melting-point, melted tallow or paraffin, any oil or glycerine heated to 240°-280° C. may be used. For glass consisting of potassium and calcium silicates, or of the more fusible silicates of soda and lime, sulphuric acid heated nearly to its boiling-point is employed. For the less fusible silicates of soda and lime, melted saltpetre or a melted alloy of antimony and tin having a melting-point at 340°-380° C. is used. For the hardest glass such as crown glass &c, an alloy of lead and antimony having a melting-point of 400° C. is required. Other alloys or substances which have the required melting-point, or which can be heated to the required temperature without being evaporated or decomposed, may be used.